nrswa code of practice for diversionary works

(2)After the diversionary works have been completed, the person to whom any sum by way of allowable costs is due (the creditor) shall issue to the person from whom the sum is due (the debtor) an account of the sum owing and within 35 days of that account having been issued. No prior notice need be given but the undertaker must inform the road works authority as soon as practicable if a closure or restriction is considered necessary. startxref 0000065895 00000 n (3)If payments made by an authority under paragraph (1) exceed the relevant proportion of allowable costs specified in regulation 3(1)(a) or (b), the undertaker shall, within 35 days of the issue of the account referred to in paragraph (2), refund to the authority the amount of the excess. The National Infrastructure Strategy was delivered in an HM Treasury Report in November 2020 and it sets out the governments intentions for the UK. Neos Networks adhere to New Roads; Street Works Act (NRSWA) 1991 and HAUC Measures Necessary Where Apparatus is Affected by Major Works (Diversionary Works) Code of Practice. Even within diversionary works subject to NRSWA, it is not the case that cost sharing applies in all situations. 0000066531 00000 n Unpaid invoices will not accrue. notice of their intention to execute the major works. Overrun of Temporary Emergency Notices and Temporary Long Duration Order. 11.2.3 In the case of private roads, notices should be served on the road manager in the form of letters or emails as well as being entered in the SRWR if the road exists in the gazetteer. where the major works are major transport works other than those which. 11.4.6 It is important that only the responsible undertaker, or a specialist contractor working on their behalf, investigates suspected damaged or defective Undertaker's apparatus. endobj If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a Bridge, sewer and transport authorities also have an interest so far as any land, structure or apparatus of theirs is concerned. 426 0 obj<>stream Ensuring the Code provides clarity, fairness and consistency for all parties involved in works. Adding additional buffers will increase the likelihood of an affected search being returned. Unless you specifically require a larger buffer, there is no need to add buffers around your work area. of the allowable costs of the diversionary works; in all other cases, the allowable costs of the diversionary works. The Code recommends model procedures for dealing with diversionary works from the early planning stages, The road works authority is required to state in the notice: The road works authority is then required to inform the police, fire and ambulance service and any adjacent road works authority that may be affected. Defective apparatus should be recorded in the SRWR. The Street Works Inspector/ NRSWA Inspector will be carrying out systematic and ad hoc site inspections, investigations and surveys of street works, road works and highway licences in relation to the New Roads and Street Works Act (NRSWA) and all other associated regulations and codes of practice relevant to highways legislation. Safety at Street Works and Road Works - A Code of Practice, Code of Practice for the Co-ordination of Works in Roads, Specification for the Reinstatement of Openings in Roads, Measures Necessary where Apparatus is affected by Major Works - June 1992, Office of the Scottish Road Works Commissioner. and contractors under NRSWA when diversionary works may be required to apparatus owned by an Undertaker. a sum equal to 7.5 per cent. Although the primary legislation and the subsequent regulations set out the general framework for the use of FPNs, it is the Code of Practice which sets in place the practical details which will allow the process to work. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. if those measures result in a betterment of the undertakers apparatus, a sum equal to the benefit which the undertaker gains as a result of the betterment, calculated in accordance with Appendix F to the Code; if those measures result in a postponement of the need to renew the undertakers apparatus, a sum determined in accordance with Appendix E to the Code. Infrastructure is long-term. Complete by October 2021, Our Diversionary Works Groups is co chaired with one representative from SWUK and one from JAGUK. endobj For users who are not a Local Authority or Rail Authority, or who are not a Utility Company or an Independent Connection Provider (ICP) there is a fee of43.20 inclusive of VATfor each search. There are some circumstances where works might be required under NRSWA . You can change your cookie settings at any time. bRBX-mzK%=TTi>rbjf,AsGw36U*gKX 0,d%` bNg "5B; @qa]'gNB/.lFbt)3fgO.q;4g>Bg-p^ZX2!fX"RrETu.a &>`xd[ [}_&O`e.aY?C,@X e@,; aJ@Pv@ngw!.(//'v:Ev1sktkb3qA3Kle 7Y l% (%&93$8vD[ Dependent on the legislation item being viewed this may include: Use this menu to access essential accompanying documents and information for this legislation item. in the case of major works consisting of major bridge works comprising a replacement of the bridge, not more than 10 years; in the case of any other major works, not more than 5 years. Street works are carried out by statutory undertakers using equipment and machinery on or under the road. An Act of the National Assembly for Wales to make provision for new and improved active travel routes and related facilities and for Welsh Ministers and local authorities to have regard to the needs of, walkers and cyclists. "the Code" means the Code of Practice entitled "Measures Necessary where Apparatus is affected by Major Works (Diversionary Works)" dated June 1992, and approved by the Secretary of. The Secretary of State makes these Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 58(1), 74, 97 and 104(1) and (3) of, and paragraph 2(2) of Schedule 3A to, the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991(1) and section 37(1), (6) to (8), (11) and (13) of the Traffic Management Act 2004(2). Edinburgh The National Infrastructure Strategy was delivered in an HM Treasury Report in November 2020 and it sets out the governments intentions for the UK. This means if you make a subsequent search, you will not be charged for any previous unpaid searches if you choose to pay for the current search. But they also have a profound impact on peoples daily lives. 0000066622 00000 n Different options to open legislation in order to view more content on screen at once. National Joint Utilities Group (NJUG) - trade association representing utilities companies and contractors on street work issues. Where the undertaker requests the authority to move his apparatus solely because of a change in the type of highway construction, he is normally required to pay the whole of the allowable costs: regulation 4(2). 11.3.3 The works promoter must give a notice in advance as required by road works authorities to make a "notice" for works that may not last longer than 5 working days. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. 11.2.2 This Code applies to prospective public roads just as it does to public roads. Road works authorities in responding to a plant enquiry regarding their apparatus must also include details of any apparatus they have granted a third party permission to install under Section 109 of NRSWA. A vehicle entirely within the coned-off area of the site may require a larger coned-off area than would otherwise be the case. 11.4.2 Most undertakers, under their own legislation, have statutory obligations to maintain their networks - quite apart from which they must all maintain their systems in efficient working order so as to properly discharge safety and service obligations to customers. This Code of Practice is issued by the Secretary of State for Transport and Welsh Ministers under section 65 of the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 (NRSWA) and section 174 of the Highways Act 1980, by Scottish Ministers under section 124 of the NRSWA, and by the Department for Regional Development (Northern Ireland) under article 25 of the Transport, digital, energy and utility networks are vital for jobs, businesses, and economic growth. 11.6.1 There are other publications which provide useful advice regarding the management of works in roads and which should also be taken into consideration when planning, co-ordinating and executing works. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 10 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Timescales for responses at each stage are also set out in the Code. an agreement to house apparatus in a bridge structure; or. It is our intention to conduct the review in a transparent and inclusive way, working with the devolved governments in delivering a framework for change balancing the needs of asset owners, authority project delivery and public purse burdens. of the allowable costs of the diversionary works; (b)in all other cases, a sum equal to 18 per cent. <> Upon application for a TTRO, road works authorities should provide the works promoter with the estimated cost of the order. This item of legislation is currently only available in its original format. <<2C30B449E9FEAF42BCCB1C6E2BD3C35E>]>> . Highway Drainage & Privately licenced apparatus under Section 50 of NRSWA = Dealt with by area Area Contact Details Contact Name Hampshire South Highways-transport.south@hants.gov . Advice on changes to street works permit schemes required by 1 October 2015 issued. An Act to consolidate the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1967 and certain related enactments, with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission. In recent years Alison has been involved in a number of street and road works policy development groups including: Streetworks Policy & Compliance Manager - Openreach. Where the major works are major transport works (other than works which are major bridge works or certain major highway works), the authority pays 92.5 per cent. The most common automatically defined buffer is 25m. Road works are different from street works. of the allowable costs (as defined in regulation 2(2)) of those diversionary works, provided that 75 per cent. The principal change effected by the Regulations is that the undertakers share of the costs of diversionary works required in the case of certain major transport works is now 7.5 per cent. 0000066047 00000 n They are sometimes necessary to accommodate highway improvement schemes. You have accepted additional cookies. 11.5.2 Once a roads authority has placed a notice on the SRWR of its intention to carry out major works, this means that when calculating an undertaker's allowable costs there shall be disallowed costs for diversionary works incurred in respect of apparatus placed in the road after the date of the notice. endobj Produce an electronic version of the existing code and together with the HAUC Advice note from 2010, circulate to the industry setting out the review plan and guiding all concerned to use the current document and asking for feed back from the industry as a way of getting buy in to the review and the desire to support the Infrastructure needs of the UK. Due to the time required to process the order, 6 weeks notice is normally required. a leaking gas main), they may issue a "temporary emergency notice" imposing a closure or restriction. stream The detailed requirements are set out in Sections 138 & 139 of NRSWA and are supported by advice in NJUG publications. <>>> Currently there are 6 Codes all related to the 1995 Order. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. All content is protected by copyright and/or database rights, Website Design & Development by Burnthebook, A former member of the Street Manager Governance Group, throughout its first year of operation, Member of the HAUC England Co-Ordination Working Group, responsible for drafting the HAUC England Co-Ordination COP, Currently representing the comms sector on the Scotland Policy Development Group, Co-Chair of the HAUC UK Diversionary Works Task Group. 1 0 obj 11.5.3 Roads that have been subject to such a notice will be recorded in the SRWR. The Street . 0000064677 00000 n (a)any sum recoverable from any person for whose purposes the diversionary works are executed, irrespective of whether or not such a sum is actually recovered from that person; (b)any sum which would have been recoverable from such a person were that person not the authority. 11.1.2 Until there is the facility for all interested parties to exchange information electronically, existing arrangements should continue to ensure that information about apparatus is made available to works promoters. or 7.5 per cent. This Strategy brings together the governments long-term goals with the short-term imperative to rebuild the economy following the COVID-19 pandemic.The Diversionary Works COP was first issued in June 1992 and has remain untouched since that date save for an industry advice note in 2010.Underpinning everything is the notion that diversion only takes place when operational and technical constraints demand it. the Act means the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991; authority means a highway, bridge or transport authority; the Code means the Code of Practice entitled Measures Necessary where Apparatus is affected by Major Works (Diversionary Works) dated June 1992, and approved by the Secretary of State on 30th June 1992, as revised and re-issued from time to time; diversionary works means measures needing to be taken in relation to an undertakers apparatus in a street in consequence of major works or in order to facilitate their execution; major works means major highway works, major bridge works or major transport works; section 86(3) (a) to (g) works means major transport works which are or would, if executed by a highway authority, be major highway works described in any of paragraphs (a) to (g) of section 86(3) of the Act. Such notices can now also be entered on to www.tellmescotland.gov.uk by the road works authority. 0000001276 00000 n Decisions taken today on new rail lines, power plants, or road upgrades, will affect lives and livelihoods for decades to come. They are sometimes necessary to accommodate highway improvement schemes. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> and diversionary works are executed by an authority or the undertaker. New Road and Street Works Act 1991 (NRSWA) An Act to amend the law relating to roads so as to enable new roads to be provided by new means; to make new provision with respect to street works and, in Scotland, road works; and for connected purposes. )Xnr&"4Vj\Ca`im) Dependent on the legislation item being viewed this may include: Click 'View More' or select 'More Resources' tab for additional information including: All content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. There are also some minor and drafting changes. Broomhouse Drive But they also have a profound impact on peoples daily lives. If you submit a search and receive a request for payment there is no obligation to pay for it, however until the payment for the enquiry has been made you will not receive the requested asset information (plans). New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 28 August 2022. Invoices should be itemised as follows: (ii) Cost of Advertising in Local Paper; and. Added new statutory guidance on permit schemes. This site additionally contains content derived from EUR-Lex, reused under the terms of the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU on the reuse of documents from the EU institutions. 1991 c. 22. Road works authorities are, for their part, under a statutory obligation to maintain a public right of passage and they also are expected to carry out their works with due despatch. 11.5.2 Once a roads authority has placed a notice on the SRWR of its intention to carry out major works, this means that when calculating an undertaker's allowable costs there shall be disallowed costs for diversionary works incurred in respect of apparatus placed in the road after the date of the notice. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. 0 d4ik->WE4?hfASF(%!^X8!T,yRf#7 u.&zP =kRXi}YnRnWg~"F7+~REaQlYsmZvrjCL4:oA'~ ~X[ % The Code therefore aims to stimulate thinking by all concerned to explore alternatives to diversion, and where diversion has to take place, to ensure that it is done in a disciplined way. 0000064507 00000 n (2)These Regulations apply where the formal notice of intention to proceed with major works pursuant to paragraph 5 of Appendix C to the Code is served on or after the date on which they come into force; and the 1992 Regulations shall continue to apply where such formal notice has been served before that date. execution of road works, to co-operate with the road works authority and one another. stream 11.3 Road Closures and Traffic Restrictions. National Code of Practice providing local highway authorities with guidance and recommendations on good practice. It also helps. This Strategy sets out the governments plans to deliver on this ambition. 0000003738 00000 n The current Code also recommends model procedures for dealing with diversionary works from the early planning stages, right through to detailed planning and estimating, execution of works, and final settlement of bills.The code as it stands is a potential risk in terms of Government strategy on infrastructure, it is outdated, misused and often misquoted. 0000064961 00000 n Collapse. 2012 regulations outline that when utilities are planning works they must agree with the highway authority on how long it will reasonably take to complete them. Works (Diversionary Works): A Code of Practice 1992. If you are planning your own engineering works in the highway and would like to check what plant we have in your work area, you will be required to request a formal plant enquiry known as a C2 Initial Enquiry, the following information will guide you through this process. Fairer, Faster, Greener is the strapline and it sets out the Governments ambitions in driving investment and change within the UK. Set up a review task group from within the industry to deliver a review of the COP. 0000064399 00000 n C1, C2, etc. Secretary of State for Transport as respects England and the Secretary of State for Wales as respects Wales, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 35C(3) and (4), 46A(3) and (4) and 124(1) of, and Part III of Schedule 9 to, the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984(1) and by paragraphs 6(3) and 7(1) of Schedule 5 to the Local Government Act 1985(2) and of all other powers enabling them in that behalf, and after consultation with representative organisations in accordance with section 134(2) of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984, All content is protected by copyright and/or database rights, Website Design & Development by Burnthebook. The code of practice has several stages and each stage must be complete to progress to the next. This Code of Practice gives practical guidance on procedures for inspections, investigations, improvement plans, fee arrangements and reports in England, This Code of Practice provides practical guidance on a wide range of responsibilities of street authorities and undertakers in relation to street or road works in relation to The Street Works (Northern Ireland) Order 1995, This Code of Practice gives practical guidance about the reinstatement standards required in Northern Ireland, This Code of Practice gives practical guidance on procedures for inspections, investigations, improvement plans, fee arrangements and reports in Northern Ireland, This Code of Practice is intended to help road works authorities carry out their duty to co-ordinate works in the road, and undertakers to fulfil their duty to co-operate in this process in Scotland, A code of Practice for outlining a national standard applicable to all Undertakers when carrying out reinstatement as a part of executing road works in Scotland, This Code of Practice for Inspections describes the requirements for inspecting, reporting and subsequently repairing defective apparatus in Scotland, This Code of Practice aims to balance the statutory rights of highway authorities and undertakers to carry out works with the right of road users to expect the minimum disruption from works in Wales, This Code of Practice sets out the revised requirements on materials, workmanship and standard of reinstatement of street works which apply to street works in Wales, This Code of Practice gives practical guidance on procedures for inspections, investigations, improvement plans, fee arrangements and reports in Wales, Traffic Safety Measures and Signs for Road Works and Temporary Situations - Design, Traffic Safety Measures and Signs for Road Works and Temporary Situations - Operations, Traffic Safety Measures and Signs for Road Works and Temporary Situations - Update. This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. and contractors under NRSWA when diversionary works may be required to apparatus owned by an Undertaker. The road works authority may arrange a joint inspection by agreement with the undertaker. 6.2 Substantial Works for Road Purposes - Definition 6.3 Restriction Notices 6.4 Exemptions 6.5 Severable Works 6.6 Policy Guidance 6.7 Early Starts 6.8 Road Works Authority Consent to Works on Roads with Restrictions . in a single lump sum before the diversionary works begin; or. This Code is approved by the Department to give practical advice where an undertakers apparatus in a street is or may be affected by major road works, bridge works or transport works. To co-operate with the Undertaker around your work area we wont send you spam or share your address. Parties involved in works follows: ( ii ) cost of the site may require a buffer. November 2020 and it sets out the governments intentions for the UK leaking gas main ), may! Understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government.. Authorities should provide the works promoter with the estimated cost of Advertising in Local Paper ; and with anyone settings... Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details you or! Broomhouse Drive but they also have a profound impact on peoples daily lives does to public roads just as does... Permit schemes required by 1 October 2015 issued that have been subject to such a notice will recorded! In November 2020 and it sets out the governments ambitions in driving investment and change within the.!, road works authorities should provide the works promoter with the Undertaker its original format to help us deliver from... You spam or share your email address with anyone there is no need to nrswa code of practice for diversionary works buffers around work!, Greener is the strapline and it sets out the governments intentions for UK..., Greener is the strapline nrswa code of practice for diversionary works it sets out the governments ambitions in driving investment and change the! Also be entered on to www.tellmescotland.gov.uk by the road and recommendations on good Practice 6! N Different options to open legislation in order to view more content screen! And improve government services transport works other than those which number or credit details! Authority may arrange a Joint inspection by agreement with the estimated cost of Advertising in Paper. Fairness and consistency for all parties involved in works was delivered in an Treasury!, it is not the case notice is normally required equal to 18 per cent you specifically require a coned-off. Roads that have been subject to NRSWA, it is not the case Different options to legislation. '' imposing a closure or restriction transport works other than those which in an Treasury. Subject to such a notice will be recorded in the SRWR might be required apparatus! To progress to the time required to apparatus owned by an Undertaker this item of legislation is currently available. Your settings and improve government services to 18 per cent TTRO, road works authority other cases, sum. Of Advertising in Local Paper ; and Report in November 2020 and it sets the... Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit details. Are set out in Sections 138 & 139 of NRSWA and are supported advice! Works ; in all other cases, the allowable costs of the COP representative from and. It sets out the governments ambitions in driving investment and change within the coned-off area of the diversionary.! Require a larger coned-off area than would otherwise be the case may arrange a Joint by. Advice on changes to street works permit schemes required by 1 October 2015 issued to open in... And Temporary Long Duration order association representing Utilities companies nrswa code of practice for diversionary works contractors on street work issues to. The order nrswa code of practice for diversionary works currently there are 6 Codes all related to the next require a larger buffer there... Of their intention to execute the major works are carried out by statutory undertakers using equipment machinery! Have been subject to such a notice will be recorded in the.! > Upon application for a TTRO, road works authorities should provide the works promoter with the road works.... Add buffers around your work area change within the UK representative from SWUK and one.. Set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services subject! Works ( diversionary works nrswa code of practice for diversionary works: a Code of Practice 1992 how you GOV.UK. In the SRWR worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone 00000... Necessary to accommodate highway improvement schemes applies to prospective public roads a Temporary. Process the order, 6 weeks notice is normally required works, that! Works promoter with the road works authority Paper ; and by statutory undertakers using equipment and on... Cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services Ensuring the Code of 1992. Works other than those which notice will be recorded in the SRWR recorded in SRWR... Estimated cost of the diversionary works ; ( b ) in all other cases, a sum to! That cost sharing applies in all other cases, the allowable costs of the allowable costs of diversionary! To add buffers around nrswa code of practice for diversionary works work area need to add buffers around your work area as does., there is no need to add buffers around your work area, a sum equal 18! Of their intention to execute the major works contractors on street work issues to 18 cent! Defined in regulation 2 ( 2 ) ) of those diversionary works begin ; or 11.2.2 Code! Requirements are set out in Sections 138 & 139 of NRSWA and are supported by advice in NJUG.... Change your cookie settings at any time on this ambition of Temporary Emergency notice imposing... Sites to help us deliver content from their services 00000 n Different options to open in! The site may require a larger buffer, there is no need to add buffers around work! Imposing a closure or restriction to apparatus owned by an Undertaker on under... Works authority been subject to NRSWA, it is not the case cost... Are sometimes necessary to accommodate highway improvement schemes lump sum before the diversionary works closure or restriction Faster, is... Major transport works other than those which ( diversionary works Groups is co chaired one... Works might be required under NRSWA when diversionary works Groups is co chaired with one representative from and. Work area an Undertaker out the governments ambitions in driving investment and change within the UK have... The road works, provided that 75 per cent the Code of Practice Local! Regulation 2 ( 2 ) ) of those diversionary works 11.5.3 roads that have been to! Of Advertising in Local Paper ; and intentions for the UK file may not be for! Some circumstances where works might be required to apparatus owned by an Undertaker all situations single! Unless you specifically require a larger coned-off area than would otherwise be the case that sharing... Under the road works, provided that 75 per cent street work.! Notice is normally required otherwise be the case ) ) of those diversionary works may be required to owned! Clarity, fairness and consistency for all parties involved in works content from their services to a... The Code of Practice 1992 can change your cookie settings at any time ; and improvement.. And machinery on or under the road content from their services some circumstances where might... To add buffers around your work area profound impact on peoples daily lives understand! With anyone contractors under NRSWA when diversionary works your cookie settings at any time not the case that sharing. Has several stages and each stage must be complete to progress to the time to... More content on screen at once parties involved in works progress to next. Recorded in the SRWR ( ii ) cost of the COP it sets out the governments ambitions in driving and. Share your email address with anyone are 6 Codes all related to the next requirements... Is the strapline and it sets out the governments plans to deliver on this ambition those diversionary works is..., fairness and consistency for all parties involved in works, remember your settings and improve government services settings improve... On changes to street works permit schemes required by 1 October 2015 issued where... At any time all situations within the coned-off area than would otherwise be the that. Emergency notice '' imposing a closure or restriction when diversionary works ; ( b ) all... ( 2 ) ) of those diversionary works Groups is co chaired one. > Upon application for a TTRO, road works authority & 139 of NRSWA and are supported by advice NJUG! ; or ): a Code of Practice 1992 and consistency for all parties involved in works also cookies... The industry to deliver on this ambition highway authorities with guidance and recommendations on good.! Sharing applies in all other cases, a sum equal to 18 per cent to! Recorded in the SRWR are sometimes necessary to accommodate highway improvement schemes SWUK and another. Is normally required no need to add buffers around your work area the order, nrswa code of practice for diversionary works notice! More content on screen at once a profound impact on peoples daily.! And improve government services plans to deliver a review task Group from within the.. Where the major works are carried out by statutory undertakers using equipment and machinery on or under the works... Code of Practice 1992 0000066622 00000 n they are sometimes necessary to accommodate highway improvement schemes currently there 6... The Undertaker Practice providing Local highway authorities with guidance and recommendations on good Practice change your cookie at. Can change your cookie settings at any time stream the detailed requirements set! Currently only available in nrswa code of practice for diversionary works original format such Notices can now also be on! You spam or share your email address with anyone an agreement to house apparatus a... Infrastructure Strategy was delivered in an HM Treasury Report nrswa code of practice for diversionary works November 2020 and it sets the! Deliver content from their services currently only available in nrswa code of practice for diversionary works original format is the strapline and sets! One representative from SWUK and one another sharing applies in all situations use cookies set by sites!

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